Introduction
One line of enquiry of our research project is advanced Argentinian EFL students’ use of formulaic sequences. In this paper we analyse typical sequences learners resort to in their essays and characterise their use as compared to the one found in native corpora like the BNC and Davies’ (2008) Corpus of American Contemporary English (COCA Academic Sub-corpus). First, the theoretical framework is presented. The study is then described in terms of its objectives, the corpus characteristics and its analysis and the sequences selected. The findings are detailed around the different sequences involving the three nouns (EFFECT, IMPACT and INFLUENCE) which lexically signal the effect in a reason-result semantic relation. Learner use is explored and characterised through concordance lines obtained from the learner corpus. On the basis of these results some pedagogical inferences are drawn that may contribute to the development of advanced learners’ formulaic competence.

Introduction
In this paper we present the variations encountered in advanced university learners’ controlled and uncontrolled productions after a focused-instruction experience of formulaic sequences. After a brief reference to the theoretical framework, the study is described in terms of the context, the selected FSs, the research design, the treatment and data-collection procedures. What follows is the analysis of the data gathered through the different instruments in search of the target and non - target use of the FSs taught and the different types of variations offered. Based on the literature, we then turn to the discussion of some guidelines for the teaching of FSs.

Introduction
The aim of this paper is to discuss the benefits of explicitly teaching senior EFL learners strings of words in order to raise their awareness of the pervasiveness of formulaic sequences in the foreign language (FL). First, the discussion of the theoretical framework is presented. The context for the study is then described in terms of its participants and the courses’ materials and methodology, after which follows an outline of the research design as regards de different data collection procedures and the analysis of the data. The results are presented for each of the instruments and a discussion ensues of the implications derived from the study.

Fictional narrative texts such as short stories, novels, fables, legends and myths share certain grammatical, lexical and stylistic features that make them unique. For this reason, it is of prime importance that students of English as a foreign language deal with this specificity in the classroom especially by exploring how ideas are developed and how meaning is conveyed through the use of specific vocabulary in these text types.
New perspectives on vocabulary learning and teaching have led linguists, such as Sinclair (1991), Lewis (1993, 1997 & 2000), Hoey (2005), Meunier & Granger (2008) and Schmitt (2010), among others, to redefine the Lexicon by claiming that this inventory is not only made up of morphemes and words but also formulaic sequences. Precisely, a single instance of this recurrent language phenomenon is defined as, “a sequence continuous or discontinuous, of words” [...] “which is, or appears to be prefabricated: that is, stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar" (Wray 2002: 9).
In this exploratory study, we set out to investigate the recurrence of FSs in unabridged versions of myths and legends from different parts of the world in English. We report on a number of steps that were followed in order to build a small corpus of FSs which are inherent in these narrative text types. A subsequent selection of those strings of words which are both frequently used and pedagogically relevant for ESL primary school students from this corpus will lead to the design of teaching material for this group of young learners.

This paper draws on research into formulaic sequence (FS) acquisition to derive practical implications for the teaching of vocabulary in a foreign language (FL). Based on studies carried out at FADeL, a set of practical tips on FS teaching for the FL classroom are offered in relation to the nature of the sequences to teach and of the pedagogical intervention planned, the number of hours devoted to FS teaching, and activity types both for the teaching and practice of these chunks and for testing. Other important factors to take into account refer to learner characteristics, learning style and FS awareness.

Research into different multiword phrases has shed light on the need to devote teaching time to these sequences in foreign language classrooms. A shift away from the individual word to, among others, the formulaic sequence (FS), defined by Wray (2002) as “a sequence, continuous or discontinuous, of words or other elements, which is, or appears to be, prefabricated: that is, stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar” (p. 9), has led to studies which analyse the effects of explicit instruction of FSs in different educational contexts and levels of proficiency in the foreign language. There is by now sufficient evidence (Ab Manan et al. 2014a and b; Alhassan and Wood 2015; Boers and Lindstromberg 2012; Čolović-Marković 2012; Jones and Haywood 2004; Lewis 2009; Peters and Pauwels 2015 and Wood 2015) that advocates the teaching of formulaic sequences in EFL contexts. One such study carried out in an Argentinean university with Spanish-speaking learners of English of different proficiency levels has highlighted the implications of a number of relevant issues in connection with the learning and, consequently, the teaching of vocabulary in general to learners of different levels and in multiple learning contexts. The findings refer to a) three explicit, focus-on-form FS instruction experiments (with beginner level and advanced level students), b) a small-corpus study into FS implicit learning in a content-based course, c) a longitudinal case study of one learner’s formulaic competence across his written production in an academic year and d) the acquisition of song-derived FSs by senior adults taking a reading comprehension course at university.
The data obtained point to learners’ heightened awareness of the patterns of use and meanings of the selected FSs as a result of pedagogical intervention. Significant benefits of FS teaching have been found for FS retrieval and acquisition in controlled conditions and free contexts. There is little evidence of incidental intake of FSs present in the reading material by learners, which shows that attention needs to be explicitly drawn to their existence, pervasiveness, use, form and meanings. The longitudinal case study reveals a systematic and conscious approach to FS learning, with evidence of a continuously recycled and intentionally refurbished process of FS acquisition. FS recognition and comprehension has been proved to improve in time through a FS-focused approach and even elderly participants evince an important degree of sensitivity to the internal make-up of FSs.
The different sets of data attest to the benefits of FS explicitly instruction in a foreign language as a means of equipping learners with prefabricated units of meaning to perform more naturally in the L2. Practical tips on FS teaching for the FL classroom are offered in relation to the nature of the sequences to teach and of the pedagogical intervention planned, the number of hours devoted to instruction, and activity types both for the teaching and practice of these chunks and for testing purposes.

En esta presentación se discuten los beneficios de la instrucción explícita de secuencias de palabras en un taller para adultos mayores orientado al desarrollo de la lectura comprensiva en inglés a partir de textos auténticos. Los textos en cuestión son las letras de canciones de los años 40 a 70, a partir de los cuales, los participantes comprenden y adquieren vocabulario. Autores como Sinclair (1991), Lewis (1993, 1997 y 2000), Hoey (2005) Meunier y Granger (2008) y Schmitt (2010) promueven una visión del léxico que va más allá de la palabra como unidad de análisis y enfatizan la enseñanza de unidades pluri-lexemáticas como las secuencias formulaicas (SFs). Según Wray (2002) una SF es "una secuencia, continua o discontinua, de palabras […] almacenada y recuperada como una unidad de la memoria en el momento de uso,” no sujeta a generación o análisis de la gramática del lenguaje” (p. 9). Los contenidos y metodología del curso suscriben a estas nuevas perspectivas acerca del vocabulario. Las letras de canciones son ideales para la enseñanza de estas secuencias por su naturaleza repetitiva y porque las canciones hacen referencia a significados similares, expresados en SFs recurrentes (Jarrell, 2000 en Rabbini, 2003; Schmitt y Carter, 2004). El taller apunta a la enseñanza explícita y al aprendizaje implícito de SFs frecuentes (Lindstromberg y Boers, 2008; Boers y Lindstromberg, 2009) en canciones sobre el mismo tema. Esto favorece el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora en los participantes (Nuttal, 2006; Hedgcock y Ferris, 2009) y de su capacidad para interactuar de manera oral y escrita (Wray, 2008) utilizando frases de uso frecuente en inglés. Los resultados obtenidos a través de la resolución de tareas de reconocimiento y producción de SFs, post período de instrucción, permiten afirmar que la metodología implementada impactó positivamente tanto en el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora de nuestros estudiantes como en su capacidad de utilizar comunicativamente distintas SFs.

New perspectives on vocabulary learning and teaching have shifted away from the conception of vocabulary as merely single words to adopt a more comprehensive approach that includes formulaic sequences. These expressions, defined by Wray (2002) as a string “continuous or discontinuous of words […] that is stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use” (p. 7), amount to approximately 52 % of written discourse, according to Erman and Warren (2000). This “pervasiveness” becomes evident in fictional narrative texts such as myths and legends, which additionally share unique grammatical, lexical and stylistic features. The wealthy lexical content that pervades these text types certainly deserves special treatment in the EFL classroom. Both myths and legends offer an array of formulaic expressions that can be explicitly taught not only to enrich learners’ vocabulary, but also to boost their receptive and productive skills. To start with, the audience will be given a brief introduction to what a formulaic sequence is and the benefits that EFL learners can derive from becoming aware of them and using them effectively. Subsequently, they will read an abridged version of a legend for a group of children. After that, they will be presented with a set of pre-reading tasks, which they will have to order considering their linguistic and task complexity. Once their didactic sequences have been discussed, they will be briefly introduced to Nation (2001)’s three processes for learning a lexical item: noticing, retrieval and generative use. Afterwards, they will solve and analyse a series of while-reading tasks aimed at helping EFL learners to both notice a set of selected formulaic sequences and re-use them through more or less guided practice. During their group discussion, they will fill in a checklist through which they will reflect upon the type of task, the context for each task and the possibility for EFL learners to predict the meaning of these chunks, among some other relevant features. Finally, different post-reading tasks will prompt the participants to discuss the possibility for learners to employ the selected formulaic sequences in a new context. We invite participants to genuinely embrace our proposal, discovering in them texts which abound in sequences worth teaching due to the considerable advantages they offer EFL learners.