Abstract
This chapter aims to explore an aspect of the interface between prosody and pragmatics by examining the contribution of intonation to the process of utterance interpretation in spontaneous speech. Buenos Aires Spanish has three nuclear pitch accent + boundary tone configurations associated with declarative utterances: (a) high-falling (H+L* L%); (b) low (L* L%); (c) rising-falling (L+H*+L L%). All three can be used to assert a given state of affairs, but each encodes a different pragmatic meaning, associated with the strength and emphasis with which the state of affairs is communicated and with the type of cognitive effect to be achieved by the utterance. The prosodic analysis is carried out using the Autosegmental-Metrical approach, and the pragmatic analysis follows Relevance Theory.

It has often been claimed that Spanish tends to keep the nucleus at the end of the intonation phrase and resorts mainly to word order variation for marking focus. This paper aims to explore cases of early nucleus placement in Argentinian Spanish, which reveal that defocalisation is possible with or without a contrastive interpretation. These cases are accounted for from the perspective offered by Relevance Theory, in which focal prominence is considered a procedural resource to reduce cognitive effort by pointing out the most relevant part of utterances. The competing theories which explain the relation between focus and prosodic prominence (Ladd, 1996) are related to the two aspects of communication: the inferential aspect and the coding aspect. There are both purely ostensive-inferential uses of prosodic prominence, and uses where the position of the nuclear accent is determined by the metrical component. The general conclusion drawn from the data is that it would be wrong to try to subsume the whole phenomenon of focus to either aspect, since nucleus placement reflects both the natural side and the linguistically coded side of communication.

Abstract: 
The aim of this work is to identify the difficulties that Spanish learners of English may have when confronted with the L2 intonation. The different tone choices made by native speakers of Spanish in North Patagonia, Argentina, are analysed in the light of the Autosegmental-Metrical framework (LADD, 1996) and the Relevance Theory (SPERBER and WILSON, 1995, 2004). The findings are compared with the tone choices produced by native speakers of English. The main results indicate that the same procedural instruction is manifested in both languages by means of L* L% and H+L* L%. However, Spanish favours L* whereas English prefers H+L*. 

Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as possíveis dificuldades que os alunos falantes de Espanhol podem ter quando se confrontarem com o sistema de entonação Inglês. As diferentes escolhas de tom feitas por falantes nativos de Espanhol na região da Patagonia Norte, Argentina, são analisadas com as teorias do quadro autossegmental-métrico (LADD, 1996) e da relevância (SPERBER and WILSON, 1995, 2004), e comparadas com as escolhas de tom feitas por falantes nativos de Inglês. Os principais resultados encontrados foram que nas duas línguas a instrução processual é L* L% e H+L* L%. As diferenças são: Espanhol: L*, e Inglês: H+L*.

En este trabajo se analiza la entonación como un fenómeno de interfaz entre la fonología entonativa y la pragmática. Para el análisis pragmático, se recurre a la Teoría de la Relevancia (Sperber & Wilson 1995, 2004) y su aplicación al estudio del fenómeno prosódico (Wilson & Wharton 2006). El análisis de la prosodia se realiza en el marco del modelo métrico-autosegmental de la entonación aplicado al análisis del español de Buenos Aires (Gabriel et al. 2010). A su vez, se considera que la entonación tiene una función procedimental, en tanto facilita el procesamiento del discurso por parte del oyente (House 2006). Se comparan las selecciones tonales de la variedad del español de Argentina, específicamente de la Patagonia, con las del inglés del sudeste de Inglaterra. El objetivo es descubrir similitudes y diferencias en los recursos prosódicos (selección del tono nuclear, tono de frontera y altura tonal) utilizados en oraciones declarativas no conclusivas. Las diferencias halladas en relación con el tipo y forma de realización de las configuraciones tonales servirían como punto de partida para el análisis de las posibles dificultades que hablantes del inglés como segunda lengua puedan encontrar.

ABSTRACT

In this work, intonation is analysed as a phenomenon at the interface between intonational phonology and pragmatics. The pragmatic analysis is carried out in the framework of the Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson 1995, 2004) and its application to the study of prosodic aspects (Wilson & Wharton 2006). Prosody is studied in terms of the Autosegmental and Metrical theory based on the analysis carried out by Gabriel et al. (2010) on the Spanish of Buenos Aires. In addition, intonation is conceived of as a set of procedural instructions, in the sense that it presents the listener with instructions as to how to process the information (House 2006). Tone choices are compared between Argentinean Spanish from Patagonia and the English spoken in the southeast of England, with the purpose of finding similarities and differences in the prosodic patterns (tone choices, pitch and boundary tones) present in non-conclusive declarative sentences. The differences that have been found in terms of the type and form of tonal configurations might function as the starting point to identify possible difficulties that speakers of English as a second language may encounter.

A la luz del Modelo Métrico-Autosegmental de la entonación y su aplicación al español rioplatense, el sistema entonativo de esta variedad utiliza tres configuraciones tonales en los enunciados declarativos: H+L* L% (descendente alta), L* L% (descendente baja) y L+H*+L L% (ascendente-descendente o tritonal) (Gabriel et al. 2010; Gabriel et al. 2013). En Labastía (2016), en el marco de la Teoría de la Relevancia (Sperber & Wilson 1995), propusimos que cada una de estas configuraciones constituye una instrucción para pro- cesar los enunciados de distinta manera, según la fuerza del supuesto que se comunica o el tipo de efecto cognitivo a lograr. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de las configuraciones L* L% y L+H*+L L%. El uso de la configuración L* L% indicaría que la aseveración tiene un carácter irrefutable y su impacto se orienta hacia la modificación de los supuestos del oyente, mientras que la configuración tritonal indicaría que la afirmación tiene un impacto en el entorno cognitivo que oyente y hablante comparten. A fin de testear estas hipótesis realizamos un experimento de interpretación a partir de la percepción auditiva, que busca profundizar el significado que los hablantes atribuyen a los enunciados declarativos con estas configuraciones tonales nucleares. As seen from the Autosegmental-Metrical approach to intonation, Buenos Aires Spanish has three falling nuclear configurations in declarative utterances: H+L* L% (high-falling), L* L% (low) and L+H*+L L% (rising-falling or tritonal) (Gabriel et al. 2010; Gabriel et al. 2013). In the Relevance Theory framework (Sperber & Wilson 1995), in Labastía (2016) we proposed that each of these configurations can be interpreted as a different processing instruction, depending on the strength of the assumption being communicated or the kind of cognitive effect to achieve. This paper focuses on the interpretation of the L* L% and L+H*+L L% configurations. We propose that L* L% indicates the assertion has an irrefutable character and is meant to modify the hearer’s assumptions, whereas the tritonal accent indicates that the assertion has an impact on the mutual cognitive environment shared by the speaker and the listener. In order to test these hypotheses, we carried out an interpretation experiment on the basis of auditory perception in order to ascertain the meaning that speakers of this variety attribute to declarative utterances with these nuclear configurations.